Implications of algorithmic mediation can be studied through the artefact itself, peoples’ practices, and the social/political/economical arrangements that affect and are affected by such interactions. Most studies in Academic social media (ASM) focus on one of these elements at a time, either examining design elements or the users’ behaviour on and perceptions of such platforms. We take a multi-faceted approach using affordances as a lens to analyze practices and arrangements traversed by algorithmic mediation. Following our earlier studies that examined the (...) artefact, this study’s aim is to understand how algorithmic mediation in ASM may shape researchers’ perceptions. We conducted online in-depth interviews with show and tell (n = 11) with ASM users from four countries, about their use of ASM. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, and the codes were clustered in themes and validated via peer debriefing process. Four themes—related to exposure to content, visibility, ethical or legal infringements, and engagement—are discussed considering implications of datafication and findability. We conclude that algorithmic mediation constructs a narration of the relevant other in ASM, configuring the other as participatory and productive. (shrink)

Humans naturally perceive visual patterns in a global manner and are remarkably capable of extracting object shapes based on properties such as proximity, closure, symmetry, and good continuation. Notwithstanding the role of these properties in perceptual grouping, studies highlighted differences in disembedding performance across individuals, which are summarized by the field dependence dimension. Evidence suggests that age and educational attainment explain part of this variability, whereas the role of sex is still highly debated. Also, which stimulus features primarily influence inter-individual (...) variations in perceptual grouping has still to be fully determined. Building upon these premises, we assessed the role of age, education level, and sex on performance at the Leuven Embedded Figure Test—a proxy of disembedding abilities—in 391 cisgender individuals. We also investigated to what extent shape symmetry, closure, complexity, and continuation relate to task accuracy. Overall, target asymmetry, closure, and good continuation with the embedding context increase task difficulty. Simpler shapes are more difficult to detect than those with more lines, yet context complexity impairs the recognition of complex targets to a greater extent. Concerning demographic data, we confirm that age and educational attainment are significantly associated with disembedding abilities and reveal a perceptual advantage in males. In summary, our study further highlights the role of shape properties in disembedding performance and unveils sex differences not reported so far. (shrink)

Recent works about ecumenical systems, where connectives from classical and intuitionistic logics can co-exist in peace, warmed the discussion on proof systems for combining logics. This discussion has been extended to alethic modalities using Simpson’s meta-logical characterization: necessity is independent of the viewer, while possibility can be either intuitionistic or classical. In this work, we propose a pure, label free calculus for ecumenical modalities, nEK\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {nEK}$$\end{document}, where exactly one logical operator figures (...) in introduction rules and every basic object of the calculus can be read as a formula in the language of the ecumenical modal logic EK\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {EK}$$\end{document}. We prove that nEK\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\mathsf {nEK}$$\end{document} is sound and complete w.r.t. the ecumenical birelational semantics and discuss fragments and extensions. (shrink)

This book explores the phenomenological investigations of Edith Stein by critically contextualising her role within the phenomenological movement and assessing her accounts of empathy, sociality, and personhood. Despite the growing interest that surrounds contemporary research on empathy, Edith Stein’s phenomenological investigations have been largely neglected due to a historical tradition that tends to consider her either as Husserl’s assistant or as a martyr. However, in her phenomenological research, Edith Stein pursued critically the relation between phenomenology and psychology, focusing on the (...) relation between affectivity, subjectivity, and personhood. Alongside phenomenologists like Max Scheler, Kurt Stavenhagen, and Hedwig Conrad-Martius, Stein developed Husserl’s method, incorporating several original modifications that are relevant for philosophy, phenomenology, and ethics. Drawing on recent debates on empathy, emotions, and collective intentionality as well as on original inquiries and interpretations, the collection articulates and develops new perspectives regarding Edith Stein’s phenomenology. The volume includes an appraisal of Stein’s philosophical relation to Edmund Husserl and Max Scheler, and develops further the concepts of empathy, sociality, and personhood. These essays demonstrate the significance of Stein’s phenomenology for contemporary research on intentionality, emotions, and ethics. Gathering together contributions from young researchers and leading scholars in the fields of phenomenology, social ontology, and history of philosophy, this collection provides original views and critical discussions that will be of interest also for social philosophers and moral psychologists. (shrink)

This book explores how decolonial epistemologies are concretely translated in thinking and theorizing about cultural and political practices. Chapters draw on Latin American and Caribbean philosophies and concepts of creolization and racialization, Afropean aesthetics, arts and cultural productions, religion, feminisms, education, and architecture.

How does intentional communication evolve? Comparative studies can shed light on the evolutionary history of this relevant feature of human language and its distribution before modern humans. The current animal literature on intentional signaling consists mostly of ape gestural studies with evidence of subjects persisting and elaborating with sometimes arbitrary signals toward a desired outcome. Although vocalizations can also have such imperative qualities, they are typically produced in a functionally fixed manner, as if evolved for a specific purpose. Yet, intentionality (...) can sometimes transpire even in functionally fixed calls, for example, if production is adapted to audience composition. In this study, we carried out field experiments to test whether free-ranging sooty mangabeys adjusted snake alarm call production to their audiences. We found a positive relation between alarm call production and naïve individuals arriving, suggesting that callers attempted to influence their behaviors relative to the snake. Subjects called more with smaller audiences, if they had not heard other calls before, and if socially important individuals were in the area. We concluded that sooty mangabeys alarm call production can be explained as an active attempt to refer to an external event, rather than a mere readout of an internal state. (shrink)

A child’s age in comparison to the age of her or his classmates (relative age) has been found to be an influential factor on academic achievement, particularly but not exclusively at the beginning of formal schooling. However, few studies have focused on the generalizability of relative age effects. To close this gap, the present study analyzes the generalizability across students with and without immigrant backgrounds, across three student cohorts that entered school under a changing law of school enrollment, and across (...) classes. To this end, we capitalized on representative large-scale data sets from three student cohorts attending public schools in Berlin, the capital of Germany. We analyzed the data using a multilevel framework. Our results for the overall student sample indicate relative age effects for reading and mathematics in favor of the relatively older students in Grade 2 that become somewhat smaller in size in Grade 3. By Grade 8, relative age effects had vanished in reading and had even reversed in favor of the relatively young in mathematics. Furthermore, relative age effects were not found to be systematically different among students with and without immigrant backgrounds, student cohorts, or across classes. Taken together, these results empirically underscore the broad generalizability of the findings as found for the overall student population and replicate the pattern of findings on relative effects as identified by the majority of previous studies. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of the use of text-matching software on teachers’ and students’ conceptions of plagiarism and problems in academic writing. An electronic questionnaire included scale items, structured questions, and open-ended questions. The respondents were 85 teachers and 506 students in a large Finnish university. Methods of analysis included exploratory factor analysis, t-test, and inductive content analysis. Both teachers and students reported increased awareness of plagiarism and improvements in writing habits, as well as (...) concerns and limitations related to the system. The results suggest that teachers are inclined to think of plagiarism as part of a learning process rather an issue of morality, which may have consequences for how they understand the role of text matching. The introduction of text-matching software has supported teachers’ work, but at the same time teachers emphasized their own responsibility in detecting problems in student writing. The survey provides a limited sample of “Case Finland,” where implementation of text-matching software nationwide has been remarkably rapid; it offers a glimpse into one institution’s implementation of a newly introduced policy for mandatory plagiarism detection. (shrink)

En este estudio se analiza el cambio de clase de palabras en el mapudungun a través del procedimiento de derivación, desde la perspectiva tipológica de la formación de palabra (Aikhenvald, 2007). Las palabras, en la lengua mapuche, usan ciertos procesos morfológicos y sintácticos que posibilitan el cambio de clase de palabra, ya sea por la intervención de algún sufijo derivacional, por la propiedad polisémica de los mismos, o por el cambio de posición de la palabra respecto a una palabra principal. (...) Los procesos más productivos de formación de palabras suelen ser la composición y la derivación, no obstante, por razones de extensión, este artículo solo se concentra en la derivación y en el análisis de los sufijos -tu, -küle/-le, -meke, y -nge. This study analyzes word classes changes process in Mapudungun through derivation, from the typological perspective of word class formation (Aikhenvald, 2007). Words, in the Mapuche language, use certain morphological and syntactic processes that make possible word class changes, in either of three ways: the intervention of a derivational suffix, by the polysemic property of derivational suffixes, or by changing the position of the word with respect to a principal word. While the most productive processes of word formation often are composition and derivation, due to length reasons this article will focus on the derivation process and analysis of only the suffixes -tu, -küle/-le,-meke, and -nge. (shrink)

This article describes the findings of a mixed method literature review that examined the perceptions of elderly patients and residents of a good nurse in nursing homes, hospitals and home care. According to elderly patients and residents, good nurses are individuals who have the necessary technical and psychosocial skills to care for patients. They are at their disposal, promptly recognising the patients' needs. Good nurses like their job and are sincere and affectionate. They are understanding and caring. They do not (...) hesitate to enter into a trust-based relationship with their patients. Knowing and understanding how elderly patients and nursing home residents perceive ‘the good nurse’ is crucial for providing quality care and for promoting better patient outcomes in geriatric care. (shrink)

This article describes the findings of a mixed method literature review that examined the perceptions of elderly patients and residents of a good nurse in nursing homes, hospitals and home care. According to elderly patients and residents, good nurses are individuals who have the necessary technical and psychosocial skills to care for patients. They are at their disposal, promptly recognising the patients' needs. Good nurses like their job and are sincere and affectionate. They are understanding and caring. They do not (...) hesitate to enter into a trust-based relationship with their patients. Knowing and understanding how elderly patients and nursing home residents perceive ‘the good nurse’ is crucial for providing quality care and for promoting better patient outcomes in geriatric care. (shrink)

Si en Gender Trouble Butler presentaba una propuesta de la teoría de la performatividad de los actos de habla aplicada a la construcción del género, en su último libro, Notes towards a Performative Theory of Assembly, articula una teoría de la performatividad aplicada a la acción colectiva de minorías o poblaciones que son estimadas como “desechables”. El interés de la propuesta que presentamos es analizar cómo la teoría de la performatividad de género se ha ido ampliando a las formas de (...) acción democrática; pasando así de ser una explicación centrada en las posibilidades identitarias de género a explicar las posibilidades para una vida vivible. Es lo que aquí llamamos la ampliación de la performatividad, del caso especial de género al caso general de una vida vivible. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo fundamental explorar la posibilidad de un currículum de la Herstory del Arte, entendiendo por ésta, la visibilidad de las biografías y las contribuciones artísticas de las mujeres. Así pues, por un lado, este estudio aborda cómo deconstruir el currículum oculto, a través de una propuesta de currículum postmoderno que incorpore las her/stories del Arte. Por otro lado, se lleva a cabo un análisis cuantitativo de la presencia o ausencia de las mujeres artistas en el (...) currículum de las materias de Historia del Arte de las diferentes legislaciones españolas hasta desembocar en un estudio basado en el análisis crítico del discurso feminista del currículum de Fundamentos del Arte I y II de bachillerato. (shrink)

The two main theories of food-associated calls in animals propose functions either in cooperative recruitment or competitive spacing. However, not all social animals produce food calls and it is largely unclear under what circumstances this call type evolves. Sooty mangabeys do not have food calls, but they frequently produce grunts during foraging, their most common vocalisation. We found that grunt rates were significantly higher when subjects were foraging in the group’s periphery and with small audiences, in line with the cooperative (...) recruitment hypothesis. In a subsequent field experiment we presented highly desired food items and found that discovering individuals called, unless harassed by competitors, but that the calls never attracted others, confirming that the grunts do not convey any information referential to food. Our data thus suggest that the evolution of cooperative food calling is a two-step process, starting with increased motivation to vocalise in the feeding context, followed by the evolution of acoustic variants derived from context-general contact calls. This evolutionary transition may only occur in species that feed on clumped, high-quality resources where social feeding is competitive, a condition not met in sooty mangabeys. (shrink)

Incomplete information is a commonly cited barrier to the adoption of new innovations. We present a decision-making experiment, conducted with farmers in the field, that explores the extent to which information which reduces ambiguity may be provided as a public good. In the experiment, participants make a series of decisions between a risky gamble and an ambiguous gamble. An initial private decision is followed by second choice in which participants know that their chosen gambles and outcomes will be publicly but (...) anonymously revealed. Selection of the ambiguous option in this decision thus provide public good information which can be used to update beliefs about the ambiguous gamble. After the public revelation, participants make one final choice between the two options which we use to assess learning. We also test communication as a mechanism to increase provision of the public good. We find evidence that people with preference to avoid ambiguity contribute to public good information while risk averse people free ride. Communication does not affect the overall public good provision, either in a positive or negative direction. Finally, we find that people draw appropriate inference from the information that the public good provides. We relate our findings to the issue of new technology adoption in agriculture which is of particular importance for our participants. (shrink)

Positive family functioning during adolescence is usually studied analyzing parents' competences and children's relationship abilities. We present an instrument for the assessment of parental competence, which encompasses both educational style and transmission of values. The objective of the study was to analyze its factor structure and to assess its value in predicting adolescent outcomes. We recruited 2,459 high school students, aged 12–15, in 40 schools from Spain, Peru, Mexico, and Chile. They responded to the instrument and to other questions regarding (...) lifestyles. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out in order to assess the internal structure of the instrument, and internal consistency of the resulting dimensions was calculated. Finally, regression analyses were performed to establish associations between the parenting dimensions and adolescent outcomes. Factor analyses showed a consistent structure, with good fit indices in the four countries. The final four factors include parenting styles and education in values. Regression analyses showed associations with adolescent outcomes. For example, adolescents' life satisfaction was best predicted by Warmth and Education in fortitude. Practical implications are suggested. (shrink)

En este artículo se analizarán las claves para comprender la encrucijada actual de la Teoría Feminista y poder así entender los retos del futuro a los que se enfrenta el pensamiento feminista. Inmersa durante largo tiempo en un debate centrado en una dualidad ficticia entre feminismo de la igualdad y feminismo de la diferencia, la teoría feminista se encuentra en la actualidad con nuevos retos que superan tal simpleza dicotómica. Podemos decir que la teoría feminista hoy está embarcada en una (...) tarea masiva de desactivación de tópicos. (shrink)

En esta propuesta se analizará la reflexión del profesor Vicent Martínez Guzmán en su etapa inicial en la investigación filosófica. Es muy conocido todo su trabajo y reflexión en la filosofía para la paz, un fértil campo de estudio que inauguró en España en los noventa y que se ha ido consolidando como una materia en sí misma. Sin embargo, el trabajo filosófico inicial del profesor Martínez Guzmán, el que precisamente le llevó a ser pionero en la creación de una (...) “filosofía para hacer las paces”, como finalmente le denominaba, no es tan conocido. Se trata de la reflexión desde la fenomenología lingüística, especialmente centrada en el filósofo John Austin, objeto de estudio de Martínez Guzmán en su tesis doctoral. El lenguaje ordinario, como ya preocupó a Austin, será el nicho oportuno para estudiar, lejos de una visión logicista del lenguaje, lo que hacemos cuando hablamos. Y en ese hacer que es el hablar hacemos también las paces.The aim of this paper is to analyze the reflection of Professor Vicent Martínez Guzmán in his initial stage in philosophical research. He is well known for all his work and reflection on the philosophy for peace, a fertile field of study that he inaugurated in Spain in the nineties and that has been consolidated as a subject in itself. However, the initial philosophical work of Professor Martínez Guzmán, which precisely led him to be a pioneer in the creation of a “philosophy to make peace”, as he finally called it, is not so well known. In the paper we will observe his reflection from the linguistic phenomenology, especially centered on the philosopher John Austin, object of study of Martínez Guzmán in his doc-toral thesis. Ordinary language, as Austin has already established, will be the appropriate niche to study, far from a logicist vision of language, what we do when we speak. And it is by talking that we also make peace. (shrink)

Este trabajo evalúa las mejoras realizadas por el llamado «feminismo institucional» en el progreso de la agenda de igualdad entre hombres y mujeres. Si bien la mayoría de estudios llevan a cabo una decidida argumentación de los beneficios de las agencias oficiales para la lucha feminista por la igualdad, en los últimos años han aparecido algunos trabajos relevantes que ponen en cuestión la eficiencia completa de tales beneficios. A discutir y evaluar unas y otras argumentaciones dedicamos el presente artículo.

The image of “the good nurse” is mainly studied from the perspective of nurses, which often does not match the image held by patients. Therefore, a descriptive study was conducted to examine oncology patients’ perceptions of “the good nurse” and the influence of patient- and context-related variables. A cross-sectional, comparative, descriptive design was used. The sample comprised 557 oncology patients at one of six Flemish hospitals, where they were treated in an oncology day-care unit, oncology hospital ward, or palliative care (...) unit. Data were collected using the Flemish Care-Q instrument. Factor analysis summarised the most important characteristics of “the good nurse”. We reassessed the reliability and construct validity of the Flemish Care-Q and examined the influence of patient- and context-related variables on patient perceptions. Using factor analysis, we grouped the different items of the Flemish Care-Q according to three characteristics: “the good nurse” (I) has a supportive and communicative attitude towards patient and family, (II) is competent and employs a professional attitude, and (III) demonstrates personal involvement towards patient and family. Median factor scores of Factors I, II, and III, respectively, were 8.00, 9.00, and 8.00 (varying from 1, not important, to 10, very important). In order of importance, Factors II, I, and III were identified as valuable characteristics of “the good nurse”. Gender, care setting, and province were influential variables. As perceived by oncology patients, “the good nurse” has a broad range of qualities, of which competence and professionalism are the most valuable. (shrink)

O combate que Thomas Mann travou contra o nazismo a partir de 1922 é exemplar, pois é o de um escritor apaixonado pela liberdade e não o de um militante. Ele privilegia a ficção e o mito como meios de luta contra o fascí- nio exercido pelo nazismo e afirma a permanência de uma Alemanha cultural, cosmopolita, fonte de uma universalidade estranha a todos os particularismos étnicos. Goethe, com quem ele se identifica e no qual se projeta, é a figura (...) de proa dessa Alemanha. (shrink)

In February 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 appeared and spread rapidly in Italy. With the health emergency and social isolation, parents started spending more time with their children, and they might have experienced greater distress. Attachment style is considered as an effective emotion regulation strategy in the parent–child relationship. However, few empirical studies have addressed this issue. Based on attachment theory, this study aimed to find parental attachment style as a candidate to moderate the relation between parents’ negative emotions and (...) their perceptions of their children’s negative emotions related to COVID-19. Parents of 838 Italian children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years participated in an online survey. Results showed that parents with a fearful attachment style had significantly higher negative emotions when facing COVID-19 than those with other attachment styles. Moreover, parents with a dismissing attachment style perceived fewer negative emotions in their children than parents with fearful and preoccupied styles. At last, higher parents’ negative emotions were associated with greater perception of children’s negative emotions only in parents classified as secure and fearful. These findings suggest that parents with dismissing and fearful attachment styles and their children may be at higher risk during the COVID-19 pandemic and they should be given long-term attention. (shrink)

El objetivo del texto es hacer un estudio de la racionalidad mediante una revisión de algunos de sus dualismos, como son: racionalidad biológica o racionalidad cultural, racionalidad violenta o racionalidad pacífica, y racionalidad pura o racionalidad emocional. El dualismo entre biología y cultura irá apareciendo como hilo conductor a lo largo de las todo el trabajo, tomando en consideración las investigaciones propias de la neurofilosofía y de la filosofía para la paz. Así, irán surgiendo temas que bien pueden nutrir los (...) estudios para la paz y los conflictos y que, al mismo tiempo, serán auténticos desafíos para la neurofilosofía. (shrink)

Tocqueville es consciente de que el proceso de individualización que acompaña a las sociedades modernas erosiona la cohesión social. Tiene claro que el aparato institucional no garantiza por sí solo que los individuos en las sociedades modernas salgan del círculo de sus intereses privados y se sacrifiquen en aras del interés común, sobre todo, cuando el poder, agazapado a la sombra del individualismo democrático, mueve los hilos para que los individuos confundan su seguridad con la inacción política y la paz (...) social con la paz de los cementerios. Si se quiere mantener el espíritu público en las democracias modernas habrá que encontrar herramientas capaces de infundir en los sentimientos y en la razón de sus ciudadanos los principios morales de un humanismo cívico, capaces de generar el interés por la «res publica». Tales son el interés bien entendido y la religión. Así, aunque en el plano personal las argumentaciones racionales acerca de la veracidad de las creencias cristianas no le sirven para creer en el Mesías crucificado, como sociólogo llegará al convencimiento de que la religión cristiana es necesaria para el desarrollo de una sociedad democrática que permita el pleno desarrollo de la libertad política y existencial de sus ciudadanos. (shrink)

Neste artigo discute-se as induções e tensionamentos gerados pelo Sistema de avaliação e fomento da CAPES nos processos de produção do conhecimento dos Programas de Pós-graduação em Teologia. Problematiza-se a influência dos critérios de avaliação da CAPES na produção/veiculação do conhecimento no campo epistemológico da Teologia, tendo como aporte teórico o conceito de “campo” de Bourdieu. Constata-se que o campo de conhecimento teológico - que na sua origem e essência trata da fé e do mundo transcendente - gradativamente assume um (...) lugar no campo científico, na busca do reconhecimento/credenciamento e do protagonismo no ranking dos Programas de Pós-graduação com notas máximas na avaliação da CAPES. Para a análise, realizou-se pesquisa junto aos seis PPGT do país existentes em 2011 e um estudo de caso múltiplo em três desses Programas com conceitos iguais ou superiores a cinco e com cursos de mestrado e doutorado reconhecidos pelas suas igrejas – católica ou protestante –, em período anterior à inserção na CAPES. A coleta de dados teve como base os seguintes documentos: fichas de avaliação dos Programas emitidas pela Capes, proposta dos PPGT em análise, produção docente e discente veiculada nos currículos lattes, análise das publicações nas revistas científicas dos Programas pesquisados, além de entrevistas com 22 professores dos PPGTs, que analisam os ganhos, perdas e embates decorrentes desse processo de reconhecimento. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a inserção no Sistema de avaliação e fomento exigiu dos Programas mudanças, estruturais e epistemológicas, tais como: alterações nas linhas de pesquisa, nas temáticas das teses e dissertações, bem como transformações nos tempos e meios de veiculação da produção docente. Palavras-chave: Programas de Pós-Graduação em Teologia. Campo de conhecimento. Capes. Avaliação stricto sensu. (shrink)

Animal Suffering: Philosophy and Culture explores the multifaceted moral meanings allocated to non-human suffering in contemporary Western culture.

We begin this article by delineating the explanatory gaps left by prevailing gene‐focused approaches in our understanding of phenotype determination, inheritance, and the origin of novel traits. We aim not to diminish the value of these approaches but to highlight where their implementation, despite best efforts, has encountered persistent limitations. We then discuss how each of these explanatory gaps can be addressed by expanding research foci to take into accountbiological agency—the capacity of living systems at various levels to participate in (...) their own development, maintenance, and function by regulating their structures and activities in response to conditions they encounter. Here we aim to define formally what agency and agents are and—just as importantly—what they are not, emphasizing that agency is an empirical property connoting neither intention nor consciousness. Lastly, we discuss how incorporating agency helps to bridge explanatory gaps left by conventional approaches, highlight scientific fields in which implicit agency approaches are already proving valuable, and assess the opportunities and challenges of more systematically incorporating biological agency into research programs. (shrink)

The COVID-19 outbreak has ravaged all societal domains, including education. Home confinement, school closures, and distance learning impacted students, teachers, and parents’ lives worldwide. In this study, we aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19-related restrictions on Italian and Portuguese students’ academic motivation as well as investigate the possible buffering role of extracurricular activities. Following a retrospective pretest–posttest design, 567 parents reported on their children’s academic motivation and participation in extracurricular activities. We used a multi-group latent change score model to (...) compare Italian and Portuguese students’: pre-COVID mean motivation scores; rate of change in motivation; individual variation in the rate of change in motivation; and dependence of the rate of change on initial motivation scores. Estimates of latent change score models showed a decrease in students’ motivation both in Italy and in Portugal, although more pronounced in Italian students. Results also indicated that the decrease in students’ participation in extracurricular activities was associated with changes in academic motivation. Furthermore, students’ age was significantly associated with changes in motivation. No significant associations were found for students’ gender nor for parents’ education. This study provides an important contribution to the study of students’ academic motivation during home confinement, school closures, and distance learning as restrictive measures adopted to contain a worldwide health emergency. We contend that teachers need to adopt motivation-enhancing practices as means to prevent the decline in academic motivation during exceptional situations. (shrink)

Most moral theorists agree that it is one thing to believe that someone has slighted you and another to resent her for the insult; one thing to believe that someone did you a favor and another to feel gratitude toward her for her kindness. While all of these ways of responding to another's conduct are forms of moral appraisal, the reactive attitudes are said to 'go beyond' beliefs in some way. We think this claim is adequately explained only when we (...) take seriously the fact that reactive attitudes are emotions. In this paper, we appeal to insights of the emotions literature to highlight one key way in which reactive attitudes go beyond beliefs: beliefs about a person and her morally significant conduct merely ascribe to the person the property of having performed a morally significant action, while reactive attitudes are ways of experiencing that person as having performed a morally significant action. We then suggest that appreciating this is a crucial first step toward understanding why reactive emotions play roles in our practices around responsibility that beliefs do not. (shrink)